Wetland Ecosystems - Useful Information

Wetlands have provided vital habitats to many types of plants and animals, many of which are useful to humans. Coastal wetlands provide breeding grounds for shrimp, crabs and fish, which are harvested in the deeper ocean waters. Additionally, many plant species used by man are dependent on this type of natural ecosystem. Cranberries, wild rice, blueberries and some types of trees harvested for timber are examples of useful plant species that require wetlands for their growth cycle. Humans also depend on wetland areas for such recreational activities as hunting, bird watching, fishing and even camping.

Wetland soil absorbs excess water from rainfall, snowmelt, and agricultural runoff and releases it slowly back into the waterways. This is vital for controlling flooding in the surrounding areas. Wetland plant species also slow the flow of water into streams and rivers, helping to control flooding in areas downstream. These plant species also help to control erosion by anchoring the soil with their roots. Coastal wetlands are important buffer zones that not only reduce tidal erosion, but also help to absorb storm surges, which greatly reduces the flooding caused by hurricanes. Wetland ecosystems also function as natural water purification systems. Their plant species absorb excess nitrogen and other pollutants, thus preventing them from entering the waterways.

The importance of wetland ecosystems to animal and plant species has long been known. However, it has only been relatively recently that we have recognized the value of wetlands to human populations. Commercial fisheries depend on wetlands, as breeding grounds for the fish and shellfish they catch. Many agricultural products are also dependent on wetlands. Flood control, erosion control, and water treatment are all functions that are provided by wetlands. In addition, wetland areas provide water for livestock in otherwise dry areas, as well as replenishing the groundwater. Wetlands are no longer considered to be wasted real estate. Instead, they are now known to be a valuable and necessary part of our natural environment.